The rapid growth of cloud, video, and especially AI workloads is pushing conventional optical infrastructure toward its capacity limits. Several studies show that single-mode fiber has nearly exhausted familiar modulation dimensions such as amplitude, frequency, and polarization; the only remaining dimension with significant scalability is space . This is why Space-Division Multiplexing (SDM) and Multi-Core Fiber (MCF) are emerging as strategic directions for next-generation

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to enable the distribution...